Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Privileged prisoners in the labor camps Essay

In the novel, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich by Alexander Solzhenitsyn, we are shown the horrendous conditions in Stalin’s labor camps through the protagonist’s eyes. We share only 24 hours of Shukhov’s life, as shown by the title of the novel, but the awful living conditions are well shown. The author creates a dramatic foil between the privileged and ordinary prisoner, also called zeks. In these camps we know that food is the money and that without it you cannot survive, it is a power! The contrast shows the corruption and injustice that this power brings; some zeks abuse the power that is given to them and misuse it by treating others badly, others make good use of it and help out the rest of their squad, finally, the rest of these privileged zeks take advantages of their power but would still share some of their â€Å"wealth† with the ordinary zeks. In this novel, there are many examples of abuse and corruption. The main one is the mess chief and the limper. The mess chief has the â€Å"money† of the camp; he is the most powerful prisoner in the camp. By the way Shukhov describes him, we realize how corrupted he is. â€Å"The mess chief was a fat swine, with a head like a pumpkin and a mighty pair of shoulders. †¦ Once they’d tried to beat him up but all the cooks – choice thugs they were – had leaped to his defense. † (100). This detailed description shows well the kind of person the mess chief is. He knows he has the control and he abuses it as much as he can, he’s even better off than civilians with his lambskin waistcoat! It also illustrates the way that he uses his immense power to get more advantages than any other prisoners in the camp. This is shown by the fact that he is a strong and healthy person, and that he is full of energy. He doesn’t have to wear a number due to his incredible influence on the camp authorities. Another strong abusive character is the Limper, he’s hated by all the zeks, the reader eventually sees his cruelty and abusive temper during the passage where Shukhov describes his activity while going to the mess hall. â€Å"Because of his lameness he had managed to get classed as disabled, †¦. He hit the down-and-outs.† (99). This quote illustrates very clearly the fact that the Limper is a coward and is full of cruelty. He already has privileges, he doesn’t go to work, but yet he has to abuse the ordinary prisoner who had a hard work day and show them how much more powerful he is. It also shows that whenever a prisoner has some power, they need to get more of it, no matter what it takes. But the Limper also has to lower other prisoners to make himself feel better and look more important. This especially happens when the zeks are waiting for their turn in the mess hall. â€Å"One hundred and fourth† shouted the Limper. â€Å"Where d’you think you’re crawling, shit?† He whammed a man from another team on the back of the neck with his cudgel† (102). The way he treats ordinary prisoners stresses the Limper’s disrespect towards them. He has to insult them to make him look like he’s better off than the rest of them. This shows that he’s in fact lower than the rest of the zeks, just like the squealers. Another example for this category of zeks is Der and Shkuropatenko. Der is the kind of prisoner that betrays any zeks, not quite like a squealer because he gets privileged treatment. Right after the incident with Tiurin: â€Å"Der went across the open ground, looking haggard. To warm up in the office. He must have had the wind up. †¦ He should keep pleasant with team leaders like that, then he’s have nothing to worry about: the camp authorities didn’t insist on his doing any real hard work, he received top category rations, he lived in a separate cabin – what else did he want? Giving himself airs, trying to be smart.† (74). This emphasizes the fact that Der wants more, even though he has everything an ordinary zek could ask for, but it doesn’t satisfy him. It shows that a little power corrupts you to the point of wanting everything, even what you can’t have. We also know that Der used to be an important figure in the political world. â€Å"Up the ramp came yet another snooper, another chief – building-foreman Der. A muscovite. Used to work in some ministry, it was said.† (71). Just like the mess chief, Der’s clothing differed somehow from the ordinary’s zeks. â€Å"Der was wearing a regulation camp coat, but it was new and clean. His hat was stylish, made of leather† (72). In these quotes we clearly see the fact that Der was a previous important political figure and he still has privileges. Due to his position and attitude, he’s not well seen from the other prisoners, yet the ordinary zeks cannot do much about it because of Der’s sympathetic relations with the authorities. Another prisoner who’s shown as taking advantages of his status is Shkuropatenko. He’s not shown as taking directly advantages of his role. â€Å"The lanky Shkuropatenko, a mere cipher, a trusty who’d been given the temporary job of guarding the prefabs from any pilfering by the prisoners. Yes, it was Shkuropatenko who was most likely to spot them on the open ground† (41). This pictures Shkuropatenko as telling on others to make himself look more important to the guards and authorities of the camp. In this way he doesn’t have to work hard but he is vicious but he abuses the power he has by telling off everyone he sees. He even continues watching the prefabs from inside an office. â€Å"Beyond him, like a bent pole, stooped Shkuropatenko – B219. That eyesore – staring out of the window, trying to see, even now, whether anyone was pinching some of his precious prefabs! You didn’t spot us that time, you gawk† (59). This quote illustrates the hatred that the ordinary prisoners show towards the privileged ones and how they mock their devotion to their â€Å"work†. We clearly see why Shukhov dislikes Shkuropatenko as well as other abusive characters of the novel. He feels that they shouldn’t be telling on other fellow zeks, even thought they have more power than him. This shows how power corrupts the simple minds to the bone. There are some zeks that don’t abuse their powers at all and make use of it to help out others. Tiurin, the squad leader is one of them. He does his best to keep them out of trouble and get them good rations. This is shown when Tiurin confronts Der about the prefabs Shukhov and Kilgas grasped previously during the day. â€Å"Shukhov feared nothing for himself. His team-leader would never give him away. † (72). This is a good description fro Tiurin’s strength, he would never betray his squad. He has privileges; he doesn’t abuse them, but uses them to get his men out of trouble. All the things he does are for his men, and when they talk about him, they always show a great deal of respect. â€Å"He had no jokes or smiles for his team, but he took pains to see they got better rations. (†¦.) In camp the team leader is everything: a good one will give you a second life (†¦) He’d only just averted the danger of the team being sent to work at the Socialist Way of Life Settlement, now he was probably deliberating over the â€Å"percentage† on which the team’s rations for the next five days depended.† (33). This adds to the generous picture of Tiurin. He would never use his power to get advantages for himself; he would get them for his whole squad. This emphasizes that fact that he has a big heart and shares everything with his fellow squad members. The privileges brought by power don’t interest him; he despises corrupted zeks, such as Der and Shkuropatenko and does all he can to make life easier for his zeks around the camp. This is also why he’s shown as a good squad leader. He is one of the only zeks that act like that towards the ordinary prisoners. Yet, there is another example of zek, Tzesar is one of them. He’s the kind of zek that had many privileges, slightly abuses them, but uses them to get things his way around the camp. He’s one of the few prisoners who gets parcels twice a month. He works in an office but he acquired this place through bribes. He doesn’t have to go and work in the cold unlike the other members of the 104th. He always has extra food to eat and something to smoke. These belongings bring him power and influence in the camp. The ordinary zeks ask him for some of his special goods and his good heart usually gives some away. â€Å"Tzesar Markovich,† slobbered Fetiukov, unable to restrain himself. â€Å"Give us a drag.† His face twitched with greedy desire. †¦. But the moment he lighted a cigarette he read in several pairs of eyes an unspoken plea for the fog-end. Tzesar turned to Shukhov and said: Take it, Ivan Denisovich.† (22). This shows that even though he do esn’t share often, he’s generous. He gives the fog-end to Shukhov without him asking for it directly. It means that he’s kind deep down, even though he’s using his privileges to get a better position.. Yet there is another side of him. He believes that he’s higher than other zeks in the camp. When Shukhov brings him his lunch, he ignores him. â€Å"Tzesar swung round and held out his hand for the bowl, not even looking at Shukhov, as though the kasha had materialized out of thin air† (60). This shows how selfish he is, he doesn’t care about other prisoners. He should be out in the cold like all the other zeks but due to his power, he sits all day long in warm office. Yet Shukhov feels pity for him as he knows that he’s the kind of prisoners that can only survive as long as parcels as being sent to him This kind of prisoners can only survive as long as parcels as being sent to them In One Day in the Life Denisovich, the different kind of privileged prisoners either makes ordinary prisoner’s lives worse or better. In the first case, the privileged prisoners are hated by all the zeks and could eventually get murdered. For the other kind, the rest of the squad respects them as they give men a second life. No matter what kind of privileges they have, they are all a big foil to all the ordinary prisoners and bring about a sense of injustice towards the ordinary prisoners.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Effect of Violence in the Media

Decades of psychological research confirms that media violence can increase aggression. Virtually since the dawn of television, parents, teachers, legislators, and mental health professionals have been concerned about the content of television programs and its impact, particularly on children. Of special concern has been the portrayal of violence, especially given psychologist Albert Bandura's work on social learning and the tendency of children to imitate what they see. As a result of 15 years of consistently disturbing findings about the violent content of children's programs, the Surgeon General's Scientific Advisory Committee on Television and Social Behavior was formed in 1969 to assess the impact of violence on the attitudes, values and behavior of viewers. The resulting Surgeon General's report and a follow-up report in 1982 by the National Institute of Mental Health identify these major effects of seeing violence on television: * Children may become less sensitive to the pain and suffering of others * Children may be more fearful of the world around them Children may be more likely to behave in aggressive or harmful ways toward others Research by psychologists L. Rowell Huesmann, Leonard Eron and others found that children who watched many hours of violence on television when they were in elementary school tended to also show a higher level of aggressive behavior when they became teenagers. By observing these young people into adulthood, Dr. Huesmann and Dr. Eron found that the ones who hadd watched a lot of TV violence when they were eight years old were more likely to be arrested and prosecuted for criminal acts as adults. Interestingly, being aggressive as a child did not predict watching more violent TV as a teenager, suggesting that TV watching may more often be a cause rather than a consequence of aggressive behavior. Violent video games are a more recent phenomenon; therefore there is less research on their effects. However, research by psychologist Craig A. Anderson and others shows that playing violent video games can increase a person's aggressive thoughts, feelings and behavior both in laboratory settings and in actual life. In fact, a study by Dr. Anderson in 2000 suggests that violent video games may be more harmful than violent elevision and movies because they are interactive, very engrossing and require the player to identify with the aggressor. Dr. Anderson and other researchers are also looking into how violent music lyrics affect children and adults. In a 2003 study involving college students, Anderson found that songs with violent lyrics increased aggression related thoughts and emotions and this effect was directly related to the violent content of the lyrics. â€Å"One major conclusion from this and other research on violent entertainment media is that content matters,† says Anderson. This message is important for all consumers, but especially for parents of children and adolescents. † A typical child in the U. S. watches 28 hours of TV weekly, seeing as many as 8,000 murders by the time he or she finishes elementary school at age 11, and worse, the killers are depicted as getting away with the murders 75% of the time while showing no remorse or accountability. Such TV violence socialization may make children immune to brutality and aggression, while others become fearful of living in such a dangerous soci ety. With the research clearly showing that watching violent TV programs can lead to aggressive behavior, The American Psychological Association passed a resolution in 1985 informing broadcasters and the public of the potential dangers that viewing violence on television can have for children. In 1992, the APA's Task Force on Television and Society published a report that further confirmed the link between TV violence and aggression. In 1990, Congress passed the Children's Television Act (CTA), which outlined new regulations for commercial broadcast stations. As a result of the CTA (which was updated in 1996), stations are required to air at least three hours of programming â€Å"that furthers the education and informational needs of children 16 years and under in any respect, including children's intellectual/cognitive or social/emotional needs. † These programs must be labeled with the designation â€Å"E/I† and have clearly stated, written educational objectives. These educational programs generally contain both direct and indirect messages fostering cooperation and compassion rather than aggression. Parents now have positive options when it comes to choosing TV programs for their children. Research on television and violence has also led to the development of content-based rating systems that allow parents to make judgments about the programs' content before allowing their children to watch a show. Besides warning of the harmful effects of violent media content, psychology has a strong history of bringing out the best in television. For example, Daniel R. Anderson, a professor of psychology at the University of Massachusetts, has worked with producers of children's programs like Sesame Street and Captain Kangaroo to help TV shows educate children.

Monday, July 29, 2019

Assess the Contribution of Functionalism

Functionalists view the family as an institution that is present in society to maintain social order and stability. Functionalist’s also view society’s functions very similar to that of the human body. The Brain in the human body is the organ that controls all other functions. In Society the Government is the main control over the country as a whole. The heart of the body is what keeps the body alive. In society the family is the heart. Overall if the family and heart is taken out, the body and society would collapse and die. Although both of these have necessary back-up systems, the society has the Army, Police services and Laws if the government should collapse. And the body has immune systems and antibodies to fight of any infections and diseases. Family is seen to be the key to society because it means reproduction to keep the society functioning. According to Functionalists the only family that would mean perfect functioning of society is the Nuclear Family. The nuclear family consists of a working man, a housewife, and children. The man is the breadwinner, he earns the money that the wife uses to buy food and necessities to help keep the family together. Functionalists views of this concept believe that heterosexual couples, adopted children and divorces do not fit into the smooth running of society. Murdock (1949) states that ‘The nuclear family is a biological necessity because it is universal’. What he means by this is that the main reason that reproduction of children is a necessity to society is because it is world-wide, it is happening everywhere and it can be found in all societies. Murdock also says that there is 4 key points. Stable Satisfaction of the sex drive (Less promiscuity), reproduction, primary socialisation and economic needs. Parsons extends on Murdock’s theory with the warm bath theory. This theory is based on how the family is seen to be a stress reliever. The man arrives home from work and is expected to be presented with a meal cooked by the wife. The family home is supposed to be a relaxed stress free environment for the man to wind down after a long day at work. Parsons also developed the functional fit theory which means a given family will fit the needs of the society in which it is found, for example, the extended family is only usually found in the pre-industrialisation period (according to Functionalists). And the Nuclear Family happens in the industrialisation period. The Nuclear Family is seen to be geographically mobile, higher wages also means socially mobile, and they are able to move up the social ladder. Parsons also adds to his theory the loss of functions; stabilising adult personalities and primary socialisation.

Sunday, July 28, 2019

The Crown Court Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Crown Court - Essay Example Summary offenses dealt with at the Magistrate Court include less serious ones such as traffic offenses or failure to pay taxes and will generally include all cases, including triable offenses, where the defendant has opted for a summary trial. However, the Crown Court hears those cases involving indictable offenses which include the category of serious offenses such as rape or murder. In so far as triable offenses are concerned, all offenses start at the Magistrate Court but the Crown Court deals with all those offenses which the Magistrate Court feels is so serious that only the Crown Court can with it, or where the defendant has requested for trial by jury. â€Å"Approximately ninety-six percent of criminal cases are dealt with summarily at a Magistrates Court.†2 A comparison of workloads of the two courts in terms of trials which was conducted in 1999 showed that â€Å"over four times as many trials took place in the magistrate's courts as in the Crown Court.†3 The q ualifications required to sit as a judge in a Crown Court is that the person in question must be a fully qualified solicitor or barrister and must have spent a minimum time of at least seven years in practice, after qualifying. In the case of magistrates, no formal training is advocacy is required and magistrates are drawn from a wide variety of backgrounds. Lay Magistrates only undergo a short period of training and the exhaustive legal qualification and practice requirements required of judicial authorities in the crown courts are not expected of them. They are appointed by Lord Chancellor on the advice of the local advisory committees. However, the advantage with lay magistrates is that they are sensitive to local conditions prevailing in the area where they serve.  While judicial officials receive a salary, magistrates are not paid and give their time on a voluntary basis to engage in the business of administration of justice.  

Assessment of Organization Process. The Art of Effective Listening Research Paper

Assessment of Organization Process. The Art of Effective Listening (How does it work in the Wal-Mart Stores) - Research Paper Example The process entails continued collection and utilization of information and ideas from customers, employees, competitors, interest groups and policy makers with a dream to improve the eminence of workforce productivity (Duke & Robson, 2012). This paper therefore seeks to provide a detailed account of organizational behaviour process of listening as entrenched in the operational philosophy of Wal-Mart. Particularly, the paper focuses on relevance of this behaviour process in relation to branding, pricing, marketing, operations, customer satisfaction and revenue performance. In conclusion, the paper examines how the art of listening as impacted the quality of work relations and productivity from the managements’ and staff perspective. Wal-Mart and the art of Listening Wal-Mart is a multination corporation dealing in a wide range of consumer products with its headquarters in Bentonville, Arkansas. Since its inception in 1962, Wal-Mart has steadily grown to become the worldâ€℠¢s largest retail chain store by revenue estimated at US$446.95 billion as at 2012FY as reported by Duke and Robson (2012). The corporation operates more than 8600 retail stores in 27 countries with major divisions in the US, UK, China, Canada and Mexico. That notwithstanding, Wal-Mart is governed by a 15-member board of directors, managed by 37 executive officers and a total of 2.2 million associates under the able leadership of the CEO (Duke & Robson, 2012). The magnificent success of Wal-Mart has come a long way especially with its legendary concerns for the varied income status of the customers. With over 200 million customers worldwide, Wal-Mart has managed to keep a leading edge in the global retail market. Wal-Mart offers a balanced mix of variety and quality at competitive prices well attested by its low prices. This has been made possible through the art of listening to the concerns of customers while appreciating the tireless efforts of the staff and management to make Wal -Mart the shopping destination of choice as observed by Duke and Robson (2012). At Wal-Mart, issues are handled with urgency and each member of staff is encouraged to prioritize the needs of customers. Gereffi and Christian (2009) states that the first core value of Wal-Mart relates to quality customer service through a personalized approach that will make the customer keep coming. The organization encourages customers to give feedback so that the Wal-Mart can improve its values, services and productivity in line with customer needs. Not only does the management listen to customer queries, it is also committed to ensure that the organization exceeds the best expectations of customers as ascertained by Diana (2007). The essence of this behavioural process is coined in the marketing strategies of the company which transcends all the departments including operations, productions, quality assurance, marketing, customer care and HR department. The company recognizes that its employees ar e the success factor of Wal-Mart. As such, the organization supports all employees through an open-door policy where employee concerns are handled amicable without victimizing the concerned employee. When employee concerns as handled promptly and in the best way possible, employees feel appreciated and cared for. In addition, this behavioural

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Individual Reflection Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Individual Reflection Report - Essay Example In addition, I also had difficulty getting through examinations and processing instructions for my various course requirements. As mentioned, I am not a native speaker and I still have a long way to go mastering the English language. It was extremely difficult particularly whenever I am about to take an exam. Reviewing the course and subjects was already difficult to begin with, especially whenever I had to deal with new words and concepts. So whenever there was an exam, my anxiety doubles up. Definitely, the language barrier was the main reason for slow progress in academics. In my classes, I double my effort to follow the instructions and syllabus needed for the course. Aside from taking notes, I also compare with other students so I could monitor my progress. I consult regularly with my professors to be able to ensure that I am catching up on the lessons. I have already missed a lot of things in my first year and I am determined to make it this time around. I feel that I am improv ing, little by little, so that eventually, I could reach my goals. At present, I am still working on making it better by continuously improving on my communication skills. By this, I do not only mean speaking the language, but more importantly, be able to get along well with other people and build relationships. In school, I am trying again to get better by taking the courses I failed last term, and doubling my efforts to successfully pass them this time. I have started building friendship with other foreign students who also share the same sentiments and hurdles with me. This way, we can assist each other in the adjustment processes. I talk to my professors regarding my performance, and seek help whenever I need it. Guidance is important for me at this point, as I need all the assistance I could get so I could truly get synchronized into the system. I engage in group studies, join groups that would help me improve my performance. I am now focusing on simultaneously mastering the la nguage and learning all the concepts being taught. More than memory work, I have to immerse myself into various situations and participate in activities that would allow me to create relationships and form a support group that would help me improve my performance. Eventually, I want to be really familiar with University life, finish my courses with flying course and eventually get a Degree in Business and Management. I want to have the capacity to eventually apply for a job in UK, a job that would not consider my being non-native a disadvantage. Later on, when I would be getting advanced courses, I would be able to really participate in the learning process even more. My perseverance would eventually lead me towards the achievement of my goals. So far, I think I am a work in progress, as I have already basically learned the language, and can now somehow communicate whenever I have to go out, do my errands, shop or simply interact with other people. I am slowly building my confidence to be able to engage in simple conversations even outside the university. Though there are still new challenges and hurdles that come along now that I am in the university, I think that with careful planning and evaluation, I can get my objectives done in time. CAREER As I said, I am taking up Business and Management because of my goal to secure a long tern job from the private sector. I want to given the chance to apply for corporate job in probably a bank, or in

Friday, July 26, 2019

The importance of the proper way in which to write a research paper Essay

The importance of the proper way in which to write a research paper - Essay Example Experiments and surveys are conducted, with the use of interviews and questionnaires, to seek answers to the research questions and come to conclusion. For example, in the research with research question: how coffee intake affects sleep, the researcher will follow the qualitative approach, going to participants of the study, and conducting interviews, questionnaires, and surveys, to know how caffeine intake is related to sleep. He will not use the quantitative approach, which is best used for hard scientific evaluations, like those in physics, and is based on empirical data that can be used for statistical analysis. Hence, when the aim is to gather general information about a subject matter, like why something happens or what people think about it, qualitative research is used; but, when the researcher has to go for numerical evidence, he uses quantitative approach. The research question also gets modified with each kind of study. The comparison of above mentioned approaches illustrates that it is very important for the researcher to think about the research approach before starting the research, as every approach undergoes entirely different steps. Research questions get modified, even if conclusions remain the

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Comparative summaries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Comparative summaries - Essay Example For developed economies, governments offer subsidies in the form of drugs and other equipments that aid in provision of medical services. Health care financial management Health care financial management entails the use of different financial strategies in managing the financial resources of a healthcare facility. According to Goldsmith, (2011), organizations choose financial management stratagems based on the mission and the objective of the organizations. For non-profit organization, careful management of financial resources is essential for accounting purposes. Hence, the reason healthcare institutions use flexible budget. In budgeting, financial management aids organization in forecasting on its mission. Profit organizations increase profitability when forecasting for healthcare service. Amerigroup is an American corporation that offers medical services to individuals who receive healthcare benefits as funded by the public. The entity is a profit organization that sources for its funding from benefits from Medicaid and children programs. According to Dunham-Taylor & Pinczuk (2004), the corporation engages in duties such as providing in-patient care services, disease management services, homes visits and consultation services. Additionally, the organization offers clients insurance covers. According to records from the US department of health, the corporation serves clients in different parts of the United States. In 2011, 2 million people in Louisiana benefited from the services of the company. During the campaigns, the company sensitized the public on the benefits of taking medical covers. Amerigroup operates by sourcing funds from sales of its services. Consequently, professionals based in United States manage the finances of the company. They plan, coordinate and mobilize resources with the objective of providing services to the public through healthcare schemes. Today, Amerigroup operates hospitals in the United States, with a majority of the institutio ns being private institutions. According to Goldsmith, (2011), Amerigroup is a profit organization owned by stockholders from different parts of the United States. The stockholders make decision on behalf of the company when it comes to planning and restructuring financial obligations at the company. When it comes to profits profit sharing, Amerigroup shares its earnings with stockholders who pay taxes at the facility. Policies unique to each financial environment Policies for organizations that aim at making profits usually differ from policies of non-profit organizations. Analysis of non-profit organizations indicates that the administration is exempted from taxations and other charges that increase cost of operations. On the contrary, profit-making organizations are taxed highly hence, the high cost of healthcare in profit making facilities. Furthermore, the financial structure of private organizations differs with structure of the government (Dunham-Taylor & Pinczuk, 2004). Heal thcare financial environment is characterized by the activities of profit, non-profit and governmental organizations. However, private organizations are the leaders when it comes to issuing insurance packages, planning and meeting the needs of clients. In a profit environment, the management uses policies that promote the interest of the company.

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

History of the Computer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

History of the Computer - Essay Example Even though Leonardo da Vinci made drawings of gear-driven calculators, he never built any, and it was in 1623 that Wilhelm Schickard invented the calculating clock. Later on, in 1642, Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline, a gear-driven calculador that could only add. Then Leibniz built a four-function calculator (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) that he called the Stepped Reckoner, which used fluted drums instead of gears. (Kopplin, 2002). In 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard invented the punched cards, which are still in use like in presidential ballots. By 1822, Charles Babbage obtained government funding to build what he called the Difference Engine, a steam-driven calculator. It was very difficult to build, and the machine was never finished. Then Babbage invented the Analytic Engine, using Jacquard's punched cards, adding the key function of the conditional statement. Babbage was a friend of Ada Byron, who is recognized as the first programmer thanks to her writings for the proponed Analytic Engine, which was never built. When the United States needed to speed up the census procedure, Herman Hollerith won a contest by using an invention of his own that used punched cards called the Hollerith Desk. "Hollerith's technique was successful and the 1890 census was completed in only 3 years at a savings of 5 million dollars." (Kopplin, 2002). Hollerith founded the company, the Tabulating Machine Company, which eventually beca me International Business Machines (IBM). IBM developed mechanical calculators for businessess, but the U.S. military needed more optimized calculators for scientific computation. As a result of this need, "the Harvard Mark I was built as a partnership between Harvard and IBM in 1944". (Kopplin, 2002). It was an electro-mechanical computer so it was very big and very noisy. It was also the first programmable digital computer made in the United States. In 1953, the first high-level language called Flowmatic was invented by Grace Hopper. This language was later known as COBOL. After using vaccum tubes and transistors for a while, then came the integrated circuit. "The primary advantage of an integrated circuit is not that the transistors (switches) are miniscule (that's the secondary advantage), but rather that millions of transistors can be created and interconnected in a mass-production process". (Kopplin, 2002). The integrated circuit was used by the early 1980's. One of the first attempts to build an all-electronic digital computer was undertaken by J.V. Atanasoff in 1937. By 1941 he and Clifford Berry built such a machine. It was the first to use binary arithmetic, but it was not programmable. During World War II the computer named Colossus was built by Britain for code breaking. "American and British computer pioneers were still arguing over who was first to do what, when in 1965 the work of the German Konrad Zuse was published for the first time in English." (Kopplin, 2002). Zuse built several computers in Nazi Germany. "The title of forefather of today's all-electronic digital computers is usually awarded to ENIAC, which stood for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator. ENIAC was built at the University of Pennsylvania between 1943 and 1945 by two professors, John Mauchly and the 24 year old J. Presper Eckert, who got funding from the war department after promising they could build a machine that would replace all

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Assess the effect of technology on human relations and performance Essay

Assess the effect of technology on human relations and performance - Essay Example In regards to job satisfaction, the value of work is my utmost treasure. I do not buy the idea that I am embarrassed when those I interact with quiz me concerning the work that I do to earn a living. In the course of undertaking daily chores, the volumes and challenges presented by tasks do not cause tension and anxiousness in me. The chores instead, enlighten my spirit of hard work for a better accomplishment of tasks. It is disagreeable that the nature of my work presents little time for socialization and that if I work with salient speed to accomplish tasks on time would not help reduce the volume of work on the table. In fact, the work environment is both comfortable and enjoyable presenting a relaxed, productive environment. Though this is this case, the nature of my work requires a wide array of skill, effort and talent. As a worker, the company values my contribution towards the success of the business and would not seek to replace me on the basis that a do not possess the prerequisite knowledge of the latest technology. Job autonomy is an important aspect at work. This is because it provides the worker the freedom of innovativeness and creativity. It is as important as a n employee ability to possess control over work and the freedom have rest hours on a workday without being questioned. Employee’s information on the contribution of work in the society is averagely important in that the employee would always work towards those ends. A job that does not call for constant attention from the management is equally important but the knowledge of how the workers deeds affect clients should be the worker’s utmost priority. I just like what do at workplace. It gives me a sense of satisfaction when I accomplish a task and derive immense pleasure. While working hours, short breaks for making personal calls are essential for me. A meaningful work is

Irish Stereotyping In The Late 1800’s Essay Example for Free

Irish Stereotyping In The Late 1800’s Essay Published in Puck, America’s first successful comedic magazine containing several types of cartoons, on June 26, 1889 a cartoon entitled â€Å"The Mortar Of Assimilation And The One Element That Just Won’t Mix† clearly shows an Irishman rebelling against the rest of the American crowd with a knife in his hand, expressing violence, and possibly alcoholism. Through further research I found that how poorly the Irish were treated during this time period. The cartoon â€Å"The Mortar Of Assimilation And The One Element That Just Won’t Mix† expresses the idea Irishmen just do not belong in America, despite the several other races intertwined into our country. This cartoon brings me to the question; Why? Why were the Irish labeled as such outcasts? I have discovered three main reasons to answer this question: The Irish were labeled as violent, drunk, and having strange religious views. One clear reason the Irish were labeled as outcasts is because of the violence they were stereotyped to portray. The Irishman holding the knife in the cartoon is a perfect example of this. The Fenian brotherhood was a group with one main goal to obtain all freedom and become an independent republic of Ireland. For many played the role of motivation in emigrating to the United States, played a large role in this stereotype. One article in particular, entitled â€Å"The Fenians In Ireland† published in The New York Observer And Chronicle on November 23, 1895, articulates a perfect example of the violence portray by the Fenian brotherhood. It wrote: â€Å"The Derry Journal contains the following account of a sense of terror and alarm which occurred in a quiet village, but a few evenings since in consequence of a farmer of reliable veracity knocking up his sleepy neighbors to defend their homes and their firesides against a host of bloodthirsty, who were in march for their well-stocked farmyards. After some delay a great number of the male inhabitants were brought together in a truly warlike style†¦. The supposed Fenians had disappeared leaving the mangled remains of one of their companions behind them.† Another reason the Irish were labeled as outcasts is because of their religion. At this point in history America was made up of mostly Protestants, however the majority of the Irish emigrants were Catholic. Most Irish children were put into parochial schools and religion was placed as a big priority in their lives. The Irish held on tightly to their religious ways, a main reason being that was the one thing that still tied them to their homeland. Roman â€Å"Catholic priests denounce the common schools, and set up their protests in the form of un-American parochial schools.† (The Methodist Review, 5 January 1889) Americans refused to accept this religion due to the differences in their beliefs and practices. Today, Catholicism is one of the United States’ most common religions, with much thanks due to the Irish emigration. . Catholics also weren’t able to run for any political office, so that ruled out most of the Irish population for a great while, until the Know Nothing Act took place and the United States was able to look past religion. â€Å"The curse of the Irishman in America is strong drink.† (The Chautauquan, 8 October 1887) Drinking was a big part of Irish cultures. Even wakes were associated with alcohol due to the celebration of the deceased’s life. Americans feared their mostly Protestant nation would soon die out if the mostly Catholic Irish all emigrated to the United States, another reason why the Irish were not treated fairly. Not only were the Irish viewed as hot-headed violent, people with strange religious views, they were also known to be unskilled and drunk. Americans viewed Irish as alcoholics due to the drinking that is weaved into their culture and ways of living. Much like our culture does today, Irish drank in several difference social settings, although the y did drink alcohol at someone’s wake before the funeral, which may have been what disgusted Americans the most. Americans saw alcohol has ruling over the Irish and they were merely the slaves. One should also note, this was during the time of the ban of alcohol in the United States, so to see one consuming alcohol at such high rates was highly alarming and it would not be long for one to create a bad reputation because of something so simple. Due to this, Americans also stereotyped the Irish to be unskilled and lazy, at times signs were even put into windows stating things such as, â€Å"Irish need not apply.† At this point in history, Irish were viewed much similarly to African Americans when it came to respect. Over time, the Irish were able to keep their customs without encountering further confrontation, and the United States was able to run as one country under many different religions and customs as it does today. Catholics were able to run for office and Catholicism soon became one of the United States’ top most common religions. The Irish were looked down upon by Americans for three main reasons; they were stereotyped to be violent, drunk, and had different religious views which were frowned upon by the Americans. The Fenian brotherhood played a big role in the Irish being stereotyped as violent. At times, it is possible Irishmen were stereotyped to be violent because they were also known to be drunks. The Irish were known to be drunks because of the drinking that is associated with their culture. The Irish emigration to America had a lasting effect on everyone that was a part of the country, without the Irish emigration to the United States, America would not be what it is today, with a beautiful mix of races, religions, and beliefs.

Monday, July 22, 2019

Two Kinds Essay Example for Free

Two Kinds Essay â€Å"Two Kinds† is set in modern United States and basically involves two main characters of Chinese descent Jing-mei and her mother.   In the story, Jing-mei, a young Chinese-American portrayed her mother as an overbearing and demanding woman who constantly tried to groom her daughter to pursue a life destined for fame- either as a talented young actress, a genius in geography, or a musical prodigy (Your Faxed Readings, p. 180-182). Jing-mei did not quite understand at first how her mother could persistently force upon her a future she did not want to have any part of.    She struggled against her mother’s will, not fully comprehending the reasons why her mother wanted her to be more than what she thought she was. As it was later on revealed in the story, her mother’s ways and beliefs rooted from the tragedies she encountered in her life before she came to America. Jing-meis mother went through terrible times in China. She lost her babies and had to struggle to be able to reach the â€Å"land of milk and honey. Reaching a new and prosperous land enabled her to start over, and she acquired a renewed sense of hope, along with the belief that in America, you can be all you want to be:   Ã¢â‚¬Å"My mother believed you could be anything you wanted to be in America. You could open a restaurant. You could work for the government and get good retirement. You could buy a house with almost no money down. You could become rich. You could become instantly famous.Of course, you can be a prodigy, too,; my mother told me when I was nine.† (p. 180) The story goes on to expound on the mother’s past and her subsequent actions that affected her American-raised daughter. The story shows that after hurdling through obstacles in life, Jing Mei’s mother probably realized that anything was possible. Hers was a character who believed that if she went through hell in China but still made it to America then anything was possible, especially for a child raised in this land abounding in prosperity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Looking at it from this perspective, one could surmise that this explained why, as portrayed in the story, she was overbearing and appeared to expect a lot from her daughter.   Her expectations stemmed from what she had acquired from her surviving her misfortunes. As a mother who went through great adversity in life, she could not help but have high expectations for a daughter to whom she had afforded countless opportunities by raising her in America. With her daughter’s resistance to obey, she felt that Jing-mei was not taking full advantage of the opportunities that were made available to her: â€Å"My mother slapped me.†Who ask you to be genius? she shouted. Only ask you be your best. For you sake. You think I want you to be genius? Hnnh! What for! Who ask you! So ungrateful, I heard her mutter in Chinese, If she had as much talent as she has temper, shed be famous now.† (p. 183) It is evident in these lines that the mother was disappointed with Jing-mei. It seemed to her that her daughter was being unappreciative of everything that had been made available for her. On the other hand, the character of Jing-mei was portrayed as a stubborn and willful child. Jing-meis determination not to be what her mother wants her to be stems from her resolve not to let her mother change her. â€Å"And then I saw what seemed to be the prodigy side of me a face I had never seen before. I looked at my reflection, blinking so that I could see more clearly. The girl staring back at me was angry, powerful. She and I were the same. I had new thoughts, willful thoughts or rather, thoughts filled with lots of wonts. I wont let her change me, I promised myself. I wont be what Im not.† (p. 181-182) From these lines Jing-mei’s character is reflected as someone who often stated that she wanted to be who she is and who vehemently refused to be someone she was not. Although   later on she recognized that she could have been great if she did try to be,   the story further showed that till the end of that part of her childhood, she was determined not to (p. 183). â€Å"Two Kinds† is one of the multitudes of stories from Amy Tan’s â€Å"The Joy Luck Club†. Essentially, it deals with the dynamics of  Ã‚   the relationship between mothers and daughters. It gives a fresh perspective about the complexities of such kinship in the eyes of Chinese immigrants in an American Society. It deals with cultural differences and generation gaps, as well as the issue of establishing identity. This short story can be dissected into several areas of interest, all rich in symbolism. It reflects society in various levels of human interaction. While the plot of the story circles around the struggle between Jing-mei and her mother, a one may derive a deeper conflict, aside from the prima facie squabble between the mother and the daughter, that exists within it, comparable to one that is in society. If one looks closely, the mothers character represents individuals who believe that the past can be buried and forgotten once success is achieved. She represents the people who struggle everyday to overcome the ghosts of the past in order to provide for the future. The mother also stands for the people who are trying to compensate for things left undone or mistakes committed. Though their intentions may be good, there is a point where their zealousness in making up for the past becomes a burden that shackles them to what they are trying to escape. Meanwhile, Jing-meis character represents individuals who are in constant journey to find their identities amidst influential forces. It alludes to people caught between two cultures in two different time zones. Jing Mei also represents the young who, at a trying stage in their life, have to cope with the added responsibility of bridging the cultural gap between immigrant parents in modern-day America. On the other hand, the dynamics of the relationship between Jing-Mei and her mother represent the perennial and unavoidable conflicts between parents and their children. It speaks of expectations, of disappointment, of pride, of hurt and of differences and of finding one’s own identity. It reminds readers   how one can never pick his kin and though it may become an uphill battle, what matters is that one learns to accept the family he is given, for who they are. Furthermore, in a very subtle but compelling way, â€Å"Two Kinds†   also urges its readers to think about their past and where they are heading .This story prompts one to look at things in perspective find a way to come to terms with the past, be thankful of the present and look forward to the future with optimism. That being said, â€Å"Two Kinds†, with the infusion of literary brilliance, creativity and true-to-life experiences† has proved to be a true testament of Amy Tans artistic brilliance- both for its literary content and social reflection. This story is but, one of a kind. Works Cited Tan, Amy. â€Å"Two Kinds.† Title of the book of your faxed readings. Location: Publisher, Year Published. pages 180-187.

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Personal Identity And The Soul

Personal Identity And The Soul The idea of personal identity is a concept we are consciously living but one we are never quite aware of. Our actions are determined by the anticipation of our future pleasures and future pains. This anticipation is shaped by instances in our past where a particular behavior or action on our part creates a result that we find desirable or undesirable. Our soul is that underlying thread that makes a connection between a situation we are faced with in our present lives to what we have lived through from the vast reservoir of our personal experience. Of the different types of personal identity; the Soul Theory, Memory Theory and Brain Theory, I think the soul theory offers the most complete explanation. We are at any given time, the sum total of our collective life experience that includes the people we have met, the situations we have lived through and the stories we have heard of through the people we encounter about others and their life experiences. For there to exist a connection between an individual at one point in their lives and their selves in another point in their lives, these two versions would have to exhibit traits that cannot be acquired through any other means but personal life experience; i.e. actually living through it. Evidence for such traits is evident in the existence of idiosyncratic individual memories and the logic behind setting goals. If an individual were to lock themselves in a room with no windows, furniture or technology, and they were to write on the palm of their left hand the word red, a day later there is no way for anyone else to know what happened inside the room unless that individual were to divulge those details themselves. A day later then, this individual would be the only one to retain the memory of themselves inscribing red onto their left palm, and this individual memory and the inscribed characters prove beyond reasonable doubt that the individual inside that room a day earlier, and the individual who retains the memory the next day are one and the same person. The evidence for this connection is not physical, but a referenced memory. While the letters can be erased, the memory is not as easy to remove. Hence the continuity between these two versions is not physical, but mental. It cannot be quantified or measured physically, and neither can the soul, but its presence in our lives is overwhelming. Our logic when we make decisions in every aspect of life is based on memories of sitiuations that we reference where we were able to obtain a result we find desirable or to avoid a situation at we find undesirable. Our soul, or our conscious self within our body, examines the experiences readily available in our mind at any given point of our lives and chooses a path that would help us attain what we want. Therefore the soul is the chief navigator for our actions and behaviors for the past, present and future. This notion gains even more prominence because the concept of the soul exists independently of religion. It is not dependent of the existence of God. Those who argue against the soul theory may say that the individual traits that are displayed by an individual before and after in the room experiment, exist independently in the body and not the soul. This objection lacks credibility because is fails to account for those that are identical in their physical makeup but have diametrically opposite personality traits. If personality traits were dependent on our physical selves, that would allude to a scenario where people with identical bodies, if put through the exact same situations for long periods of time would develop similar personality traits. Another version of this statement would argue that people with similar physical makeups would react to stress and other highly emotionally demanding situations in similar ways. But there is no evidence for either of these last two statements to gain any credence. The existence of different and even diametrically opposite personality traits amongst survivors in holocaust camps in Nazi Germa ny disproves this objection to the soul theory. Many of these survivors suffered the same horrors and were worn down to similar body types, but the way their conscious selves dealt with those inhumane conditions differed tremendously. The existence of a wide variety of behaviors to combat those inhumane times proves that there was something within each of these bodies that differentiated them from one another. And this difference was the entity of the soul. When thinking of personal identity, we must look at the body and soul as two pieces of the same whole. The sum total of our sensory organs helps us to see, touch, feel and smell every single life experience that we encounter. But without the soul, which is our conscious self, we have no way of classifying this incoming information and relate them to our lives. Such catharsis happens as a result of the soul, which defines our personal identity. Our soul shapes our perspective, and helps us identify what behaviors and actions we should implement when faced with any situation in our lives. We compare what we are experiencing or what we want with other similar situations from our past and look for some residual pattern that can justify an action or behavior that we deem suitable as a response to that individual situation or experience. The body serves as the vessel that aides the soul by providing it a wealth of information, and the soul in turn helps the body navigate through the waters of life. By providing a link between individual versions of each one of us at different times of our lives, the soul theory most completely offers an explanation for personal identity. Personal identity is the notion that each one of us displays certain idiosyncratic traits or identifiers that exist only within ourselves. These identifiers differentiate us from those around us. Since the creation of these identifiers, which are in effect actions/behaviors and personality traits that we pick up through our life experience, is dependent on our conscious thinking during which we weigh the pros and cons of each action/behavior and trait in terms of their effectiveness to get us a desirable result in similar situations in the past, they cannot exist in the absence of a soul. Therefore, the soul theory is indispensible when thinking of personal identity.

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Photographers of the Old West :: Research History Photography Papers

Photographers of the Old West In a society that is focused on visual stimuli, it isn't uncommon to see a person taking a picture with a camera or making a "movie" with their camcorder. But, in the 1840s and 1850s, life just wasn't like that. If someone said they could make a picture of a mining town or of the route to the West without a pencil or paint people would have laughed at them. Laughing would have been appropriate because photography didn't come into being until 1839. James Horan reveals in his book, Mathew Brady: Historian with a Camera, that it wasn't even called photography then, it was called the "new art" (5). There were very few people who knew what it was to take a picture, or make a picture with light. The only pictures that were around at that time were those that were drawn, painted, or printed from lithographs or etchings. Newspapers didn't have real live pictures that showed the actual things that were written about. The population of America as it was in 1800 didn't know what the "West" look ed like. According to Eugene Ostroff, sketches and paintings were the only illustrations of the West before photography (9). Ostroff tells us that these weren't usually accepted if the painter had taken artistic license (9). All Americans knew were the stories of the people who returned because it was too difficult to live there or the letters from friends and family telling the horrors they saw. So, with the invention of photography, especially the ability to "fix" the image onto the paper or metal plate had a major effect on the expansion to the West because the pictures that were taken showed how the West really was beautiful. Unfortunately, it was a while before the public was able to see the pictures that were taken by the photographers of the West because 1839 was only the very beginning of photography as a profession and a hobby. The first type of using light to make a picture was the daguerreotype. Both Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre and Nicephore Niepce, who passed away before the public was introduced to the daguerreotype, founded this type of picture taking. However, before this Louis Daguerre made a "theater without actors." Beaumont Newhall explains that this was an illusion made by extraordinary lighting effects that made the 45 Â ½ foot by 71 Â ½ foot pictures appear to change as one looked at them (2).

Cybernetic Immunology :: Essays Papers

Cybernetic Immunology In the traditions of 'Western' science and politics--the tradition of racist, male-dominant capitalism; the tradition of progress; the tradition of the appropriation of nature as resource for the productions of culture; the tradition of reproduction of the self from the reflections of the other - the relation between organism and machine has been a border war. The stakes in the border war have been the territories of production, reproduction, and imagination. This chapter is an argument for pleasure in the confusion of boundaries and for responsibility in their construction. (Haraway 150) Cartesian circularities of self-identitical participants in a phallocratic order and ripples in a huge urban puddle renamed ‘lake’ from a fallen body, the machines may have already won. We know it was they who scorched the sky. Oshii Mamoru’s anime, turned American 1995 â€Å"Japanimation† classic, plays cyborg science fiction with flashing lights, outbursts of violence, and a plot fit for cyborgs to understand in a political world of simulations transferred without effluvia directly by air-port cybernetworking into unannounced awareness in each celluloid thin character, and on their demihuman coworker’s early 90’s military computer monitors. The narrative tries to entangle itself so thoroughly in a political rationality of an omnipresent culture of technicism devoid of scientific explanation on every green, glowing, digitally exported, and unrefined urban street corner that its revealing of the â€Å"real† puppetmaster/s uper-villain (a tool of someone still further up, â€Å"our heroes† presume) begs a sigh about technology coming to master itself without a care in the world for humanist restraint, much like the mostly good natured civilians who, it seems, don’t really mind an almost comically violent thug police presence that tears through their markets, melons, and minds chasing charlatans only it can see armed with overpowered bullets in outdated guns without any of the pleasant trappings of the polite police forces we imagine secure our very ability to sit in front of a glowing screen with electrically replicated pitches and decibels projected into right-angled chambers of passivity, and reflected in photons and waves to our media outlets - the doors of techno-perception. Calling Ghost â€Å"a film about† already misses that it is a film to as well. Mistaking cause for consequence, watching animated

Friday, July 19, 2019

Free Oedipus the King Essays: The Downfall of Oedipus Rex :: Oedipus the King Oedipus Rex

The Downfall of Oedipus Rex The greek playwright, Sophocles, was born around 496 B.C., and died in 406 B.C.   During his life, he wrote many plays, one of which was Oedipus Rex.   Sophocles was the first dramatist to add the third actor to the play.   Actors were able to perfrom many different parts, but the play was limited to only three actors and the chorus.   (Literature, page 1065)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The downfall of Oedipus transpired due to the tragic flaw of his character.   Oedipus was very temperamental and became easily angered. He was a prideful individual who desired to be a hero and avenge the death of Laius.   His devout need to know the truth, and have the proof that it indeed was the truth also led to his ruin.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Oedipus had a very short temper.   Oedipus did not want to hear what Tiresias had to say after he begged him to tell him all that he knew.   "Am I to listen to such things from him!   May you be damned!   Get out of here at once!   Turn around and go!"   (Literature, Oedipus the King, Ln. 434-436, page 1085)   Oedipus went into a rage when Tiresias told him about the evils that Oedipus was living with.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Oedipus took great pride in saving people and being seen a hero.   He wanted the death of Laius to be avenged and he had to be the one to find the murderer and punish him.   "I'll fight for him, I'll leave no means untried, to cach the one who did it with his hand..."   (Literature, Oedipus the King, Ln. 270-271, page 1081)   He did not want to let the people of Thebes down, and he wanted to show that he would be a true hero once again.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Oedipus was in pursuit of the truth   to find out what really happened with his birth and life.   Oedipus was searching for the truth and needed to know all the facts in order to convict the murderer.   "Ah!   All of it was destined to be true!"   (Literature, Oedipus the King, Ln.

Thursday, July 18, 2019

My Personality and Learning Style

My Personality and Learning Style My personality type is ISTJ which is introverted, sensor, thinker, and judger. Introverted people are more likely to be reserved, private and more likely to work alone than with groups. Social events are not a strong characteristic of an introvert which prefers to be in a calm quiet location with relatives and solitude. Sensor’s tend to prefer problems with a set of guidelines that state facts of data directly and learn through example or experience. Thinkers believe that rational and logical thinking over emotional feeling’s.Judger’s have structure and balance their time and schedule precisely. Which can be managing people or working with a set of specific instructions and goals. I believe that the personality type test is accurate in describing my Personality. The test states that I am sixty percent introverted which means that i prefer working alone and reflect on my thoughts. Introverts might not ask question’s and rel y on others to ask for them but if i know there is something i don’t understand and absolutely can’t figure out by myself that’s when i ask a question.I feel that personality can have a big impact on your grades, for example extroverts are more likely to talk during a teacher’s lecture and cause them to miss some information. While introverts tend to keep more thoughts to themselves and are more likely to pay attention in class. Having a clear understanding of how you learn and perceive information which can be more efficient in less time wasted. V. A. R. K is visual, aural, read, write and kinesthetic. The way you process or perceive information in the classroom can define the grade you earn.My preferred choice of sensory is reading and writing because i like write and read notes over several times. Memorizing information, notes and study material is my most effective way of assuring that i pass my exams. You can have more than one way of learning throug h your sensor’s which is called multimodal are not necessarily smarter but just prefer multiple modes of learning which is purely based on preference. Being successful in the classroom for myself begins with paying attention to the information the professor tries to relay.Sitting in the front of the classroom is important to me because I know it gives me an advantage over someone who sits in the back where it is difficult to hear. The first thing I do when I arrive to the classroom is copy the notes the teacher has written on the board or screen. I sense it will be important to know unless told otherwise by the instructor. Knowing I prefer the sensor over intuition i will more than likely choose a class and degree where the information is directly stated with facts and concrete data over a class where theory and imagination is involved.Personality and learning style play’s an important role in your education. Students tend to perceive information different way and rate s. The students who have compatible learning style with the teachers teaching style will retain information better and be efficient in learning. Every teacher might not have the same teaching style but if you take steps to adapt you will increase your chances of doing well in the class. Talk to the instructor and counselor’s so you’re learning needs can be met and prevent you from failing the class.

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

Accounting Regulations Essay

control Responsibilities By Jennifer Koppelman March 11, 2014 restrainer Responsibility restrainers pack responsibilities to m completely various groups such as their nodes, the government and three set outies. It is principal(prenominal) that comptrollers act in a particular manner and pee steep honorable standards, integrity and passe-partoutism. Accountants job debt instrument is to validate fiscal evokements and perform the duties in accordance with alone the principles, standards and laws.Even though an restrainer is engage by a comp any(prenominal), they have a function to more more mountain than just the company. somewhat of the people that comptrollers ar accountable to, would be the companys management, investors, creditors, outside regulatory bodies, and the integrity of the monetary markets. Accountants carry to be consistent and constantly be c befully exercising ascribable diligence and pay close context of the materiality of content (Ac countant Responsibility). Accountants have a code of original get that they should hold to.This submits that accountants should main(prenominal)tain objectivity and be protestal of conflicts of interest in the discharging professional responsibilities. An accountant in habitual practice should be independent in fact and show when providing size up and other attestation function. Situations where accountants volition withdraw to show objectivity would be when they be felt compelled to deliver bad news to a guest or employer based on an analysis that they had performed (Colson, 2004). thither argon two different types of visitors inbred scrutiniseors and external auditors which have different responsibilities. internal auditors have the main responsibility to direct statements that present the pecuniary particular of a company in a true(p) way, meaning that as much disclosure as necessary to give a reasonable picture of the pecuniary situation to any user havi ng a assign to the noesis. External auditors responsibility is to affirm that this has happened by issuing an touch sensation as to whether the pecuniary statement clean presents the financial position of that corporation (Duska, 2005). Accountant Responsibility to Clients Accountants have a professional responsibility to knobs to go by their culture confidential.The discover states that a element in the public practice shall non break any confidential thickening nurture without the particular consent of the leaf node. This withal extends to other accountants non directly involved with the client who mystify instruction by means of practice check outs or sanctioned disciplinary hearings to guard confidentially. thither are certain exceptions that facilitate shape with other professional and well-grounded tariffs. Maintaining confidentiality is non wholly a professional obligation but also a intelligent obligation.General knowledge and expertise obtained through a client engagement is non considered to be confidential discip extraction (Cashell). Accountants have ethical responsibility to protect their clients, start out financial statements and tax returns that are to the vanquish of their ability after performing proper due diligence. If on that point was an event that an audit would occur for a government bureau they should represent their clients with professionalism. Accountants should always maintain the highest ethical standards. Accountants perform essential and critical roles in society.Accountants have responsibilities to all of those who use their professional services. The Ameri flush toilet Institution of certified public accountants has an despatchicial rule, Rule 301 states a member in the public practice shall not key any confidential knowledge without the specific consent of the client. Accountants number one responsibility is to its clients, it is all important(p) that accountants do not wear client k nowledge to anyone without the clients permit first. There are consequences to the accountant if they do not keep client information confidential.It can also have a negative effect on the clients line of merchandise, which allow negatively reckon the accountant also (ET Section 301 Client Confidential Information). certified public accountant Responsibility to Clients Case Even when an accountant has the intention to warn others of pending financial harm the courts have held that accountants must not give any client information, client information should always remain confidential. In a incase Wagenheim v. black lovage consort & Co the court ruled that horse parsley earmark improperly divulged confidential information about their client, Consolidata selective information work, to other clients.Consolidata info serve, an audit client of black lovage founder performed payroll services for several of Alexander concessions other clients. Alexander Grant discovered that Co nsolidata info Services was having financial difficulty Alexander Grant warned their other clients to stop doing business with Consolidata Data Services. Alexander Grant argued that the other clients would patronise financial damage without example them. The reasoned opinion was against Alexander Grant, the court said that there was no inference that Consolidata Data Services was in a financial rigourousness that they could not recover from.Which Alexander Grant had no legal right to inform threesome parties of the financial burden that Consolidata Data Services was in (Cashell, 1995). It is important that accountants keep client information confidential at all times. The accountant might not know the whole picture of a business and a company can state that they could have recovered from the financial burden but because the accountant whitethorn have told other clients that could ruin the composition of the client and affect the business. It is always safer not to say any thing in regards to the financial situations when you have an obligation to your client.Accountant Responsibility to tierce Parties Accountants do not have as much liability to tercet parties as they do to clients. Accountants have a liability to ternary parties who are blasphemeing on the audit information, only if there is fraudulent conduct or proof of negligence would they be liable to the third party. When public accountants are done with an audit of their clients records and financials they put an opinion letter which sets forth, among other things, the scope of the audit and a professional opinion concerning the financial representations.Even though third parties whitethorn rely and act upon the auditors opinion, the auditor is obtainually bond only to the client and usually owes nothing, no legal work to third parties for negligence (Greene, 2003). Accountants need to be very upkeepful when warning outsiders of a clients fraud. ground on prior court cases, certifie d public accountants generally do not have an obligation to inform outsiders of cognise fraud unless if they remain silent they are becoming culpable themselves. It is a insecure situation if an accountant decides to blow the blab (Cashell, 1995).Accountants are generally not responsible to third parties in contracts because there is no privity of contract. However, accountants can be held to be a common law indebtedness of care towards third parties in certain circumstances, condescension that there is no contractual duties. parcel that give rise to such duty have been considered in a true number of cases in recent old age and three general tests have been developed. unitary of the tests would be if there is foreseeability damage, proximity amid parties and considerations of justice and reasonableness. other test would be testing the assumptions of reasonability. If the court would take an incremental approach in comparing the human relationship in any disposed(p) case to previously decided cases in which a duty of care had been recognized or rejected. An accountant can be liable to a third party if the accountant knew or should have known that they were relying on the audit, only for fraudulent conduct and proof of mere negligence is not sufficient. If the accountant knew that the audit report for the client was mean to supply the information to a third party who would rely on the information.If the third party would be relying on the information in a decision concerning cave in a motioning involving the client and the third party (Professional obligation of Accountants & Auditors). Duty to Disclose to Third Parties In some cases information should be let out to third parties but an accountant ask to be very careful and proceed accordingly. If it is detailed in their engagement letter, which is a written agreement to perform services in exchange for compensation thus an accountant has a duty to disclose information.Once the letter is sign ed off on by an officer past the letter serves as a contract (Engagement Letter). In one case ready reckoner storage of bullion Ltd. v. Arthur Andersen & Co. the certified public accountant had a duty to disclose. Arthur Andersen was the auditor for two clients, caudex of investment trusts and King Resources corporation. King Resources Corp developed natural resource properties and agreed to be the sole vendor of such properties to Fund of Funds at prices no higher(prenominal) than those charged to King Resource Corp industrial clients.Arthur Andersen learned the agreement was not being met but failed to inform Fund of Funds. The court did rule that Arthur Andersen should have discover this fact to Fund of Funds because they had knowledge of the overcharges, knew the terms of the agreement that was being violated and the language of their engagement letter produced a contractual obligation to reveal that information. Another case involving duty to disclose, this one a certif ied public accountant was found that he did not have a duty to disclose information.The case Gold v DCL Inc. , damage Waterhouse & Co. informed DCL in December that they think to qualify their audit report on DCLs financial statements. DCL was in the business of leasing computers and price Waterhouse believed that their ability to recover their computer equipment costs was impaired due to the threatening release of a new line of more powerful computers by IBM. In February, DCL announced earnings without mentioning Price Waterhouses concern and on February 15 Price Waterhouse was replaced.The court ruled that there was no basis in principle or authority for extending an auditors duty to disclose beyond cases where the auditor is giving or has given some representation or security and the silence and inaction of the defendants auditors did not make them culpable. The courts reasoning that the CPA did not have to disclose was because the auditors had issued no public opinion, rend ered no certification and in no way invited the public to rely on their financial judgment there was no special relationship that impose a duty of disclosure (Cashell, 1995).Accountant Responsibility to the Government Different local, state and federal governments have different rules and regulations that accountants need to learn for the area and industry that they allow for be working in. This is important to knock out and comply with the different regulations. This is part of an accountants responsibility to provide accounting services that are in compliance with the government regulations for your clients particular industry. There may be different regulations for different industries so it is important to know which regulations are pertinent to your client.CPA for Responsibility to Government Case or so state laws might grant accountant client privileges, but these laws do not usually extend to a cite or subpoena related to a federal official Investigation by such agencies such as the IRS, or the SEC. In a case, Couch v. United States, the autocratic woo concluded that no national accountant client privilege exists and state created privileges do not apply to federal official cases. Before an accountant is responding to a Federal agency, the accountant should be sure that they are only responding to a valid and enforceable subpoena.In another case, Roberts v. Chaple, the Appellate Court ruled that the accountant violated tabuns statutory accountant client privilege because he provided information to the IRS without having been served a valid summons or subpoena. Some state privilege laws could also affect the ability to release information pursuant(predicate) to a review of a CPAs practice. Firms are responsible for confrontation and keeping client confidentiality obligations whenever state statutes do not clearly provide a confidentiality exemption for a peer review of a firms practice.Whenever an accountant is not sure on if information should be released it would be best to natter a lawyer and obtain legal counsel to ensure that they are not breaking any laws or violating any confidentiality agreements or obligations(Cashell, 1995). Conclusion Accountants need to be ethical and practice with the highest professionalism and ethics. Accountants have many responsibilities not only to the client that they are servicing but to the government and to third parties. Responsibilities are higher to clients then third parties but it is important to know when and where your responsibility for each is.If an accountant is negligent or not responsible to the parties when they should have been there are consequences. An accountants main responsibility is to their client, it is important to keep client information confidential at all times. Not keeping client information confidential can have a negative effect and consequences on the accountant and the client. It is important that accountants do not disclose client information without the permission from the client first. All accountants need to have and maintain the highest ethics, professionalism and confidentiality.

Purpose of correctly receiving Essay

1.Conference callsThis theatrical role allow us to have a talk with more whence one person. This would be call of goods and run when managers want to talk about central put in with other brunches.TransferThis function allow to ship party to a nonher department. It can be utilise when we the caller want to speak with the manager or person from different department.2. Prepargon a sketch report advising battalion onHow to follow brassal procedures when do and receiving tele yell calls The social function of giving a lordly image of yourself and your organisation when making and receiving telephone calls.If possible, do specific entropy from procedures in your own organisation (or one that you are familiar with).Almost all(prenominal) pipeline have procedures how to answer or stupefy telephone calls. When the person is answering the phone is mechanically responsible for peremptory or negative story of the business, thats why is very to follow those procedures now to achieve a professional standards.Answering a call from my customer I always answering after one or two rings, I have pen and paper ready meet in case I need to bushel a none or take a message. Then I politely greeting a caller giving my signalize and company, thenrequest how can I help, if the call is not for me I am taking message, writing the caller name and message. I always ending the conversation with a summary just in case I understand correctly every part of the conversation, then politely thanks for call with good whirl and hang up.Giving positive image is overly important, because this depends weather customer will stay or go somewhere else. We can create a positive image if we will deal with callers efficiently, which promoter we have to know exactly what we are doing and how to use phone system.I would create a positive image with positive attitude towards all customers. I would answer the phone with a smile and brotherly greeting. I would also study to ident ify the callers and his needs, the I would deal with it with polite manners and I would try my best to help. Secondly I would speak course with sensible speed to make sure the caller understand properly, then I would repeat information if necessary and summarise all the points from the conversation with the caller. at last I would thank the caller for his call and his metre then end the conversation appropriately.If we fail to pause a positive image during a phone conversation this can be very foul for the business even more the business welt loose lots of money which could effect employees as well. The business can have a badness reputation which means that the customer will not consider cooperation with the business in the future.Section 2 Understand how to handle institutionalise1. Explain the purpose of correctly receiving, checking and sorting station and packages (both incoming and outgoing). broadcast is important for successful business.It is used to transfer materi al, equipment and invoices from suppliers to business by extend, secondly is used to provide important documents, invoices or products to the customers.One or more people could be responsible fro receiving, checking and sorting mail and packages. It must be done very carefully, otherwise the mail could not reach the recipient on quantify and the consequence could be that the recipient will not pay the outstanding invoice on magazine and could be charged for late payment.Poor mail use could lead to loss of important documents/invoices, delays in mails, delivered mail to wrong person, additionally payment could be lost and materials or parts not world delivered on time. Finally poor mail handling could lead to dissatisfied customers (they could leave), to loss of money and sometime to business closure.2. Complete the table below with the interest informationAt least two examples of sexual mail work that are available to organisations At least two examples of external mail in spection and repairs that are available to organisationsInternal mail servicesExternal mail services1. Internal post it is used to deliver mail between departments and branches, is direct in unsealed A4 envelopes. Confidential letters are labelled.1. Royal Mail. This is most popular mail service in Uk. It offer wide range of mailing option to suit customers needs.2. Intranet mail is circulate electronically.2. P4D is a private courier service. It help find a right courier service for urgent, big and sonorous items. Sometimes is cheaper then Royal Mail.

Tuesday, July 16, 2019

Parenting Skills Essay

1. What quality do you look at rectification plays in develop a babys self-assertion? What physiques of playing argona outperform serving the self-conceit of the baby or insubstantial? 2. attend and argue how activities, clubs, or variants, sham the egoism of tiddlerren and p bents. contribute at to the crushedest degree cardinal activities, clubs, or sportswomans in your answer. backchat Answers1. I infer that force field through with(p) justly could garter in a tiddlers self-esteem. When you break a babe relieve oneself convinced(predicate) that they pick up why and it consecrates them recover trustworthy, and included. If you negotiate hold back exchange qualified a tyranny the tiddler tactile sensations corresponding youre abusive and they ar soft-witted and untrustworthy. masses with number one self-esteem broadly overstep way to strain their goals, ar not able to fall out accomplishments in a obligated and train manner, allow pitiful dialogue skills, consume a disheartened emplacement on aliveness, ar wedded to anxiety, depression, hostility, loneliness, shame, and guilt, homunculus unhealthy, ruinous relationships with others, and crap decisions in liveliness to a greater extent to transport others than to stupefy to their consume interests and cling to systems. I hold that elucidate chip in in good order could abet in a youngsters self-esteem. When you look into a pip-squeak make sure that they conduct to infer what is chance and they withdraw to feel included.If you work on groom want a shogunate the chela feels resembling youre abusive. deal with low self-esteem by and large better to get to their goals, drive silly intercourse skills, deplete a ostracize overtake on brio and argon addicted to anxiety, depression, loneliness, and guilt. Also, form unhealthy, evil relationships with others, and make decisions in life to a greater extent to enchant o thers. 2. Parents should hike up baberen to get in in sports and clubs that are nut-bearing and sanctify a sentiment of accomplishment. However, it is not evermore good for a sustain to move a child toward a cross sport or occupation because sometimes the proves leave alone entreat their children towards their romance sports or activities they cute to do as a child. 3. parents should throw out children to take part in sports and clubs that are productive and give their children a whole tone of accomplishment. However, it is not unendingly discriminatory for a parent to raise up a child toward a busy sport or activity.

Monday, July 15, 2019

Correctional Treatment

The coupled States punitive establishment supervises everywhere half-dozen one one universal gravitational constant meg one thousand thousand convicted wrongdoers in refilling political computer programs a day. in that location atomic number 18 round deuce cardinal in throw away who let refilling give-and- head and tetrad cardinal ar on countersign or probation. With so numerous pack on a lower floor its command, a profound policy g all overnment getting even is what the punitory scheme hopes to compass with those it places tin exclude or on union supervising. A b be(a)(a) answer cleverness be that the object of these punitive sanctions is to penalise the reprehensively wayward.Since the lineage of the Ameri back end punitive in the 1820s, however, department of department of corrections has embraced as an great closing the break of practice of jurisprudence breakers into the lawfulthat is, replacement or word. speckle probation and countersignature be both(prenominal) considered society corrections and charter supervising in the union, they protest in opposite respects. Probation is a sentencing cream addressable to topical anaesthetic judges. Convicted offenders argon released by the salute to overhaul a time to a lower place salute-imposed conditions for a contract period.It is considered an alternating(a) to incarceration. In nearly(prenominal) cases the accurate probation objurgate is overhauld beneath supervising in the association. The administration retains the potentiality to supervise, transfigure conditions, offset probation and re time if the student nurse violates the monetary value of probation. The answerable government authorization for overseeing probation spate be every show or local anaesthetic. there ar shortly more than dickens thousand give away probation agencies in the join States. in that location argon galore(postnominal) personas of programs offered to offenders which rifle their flake of crime. roughly of these programs be grappleing for totality smearrs, kindle offenders, those whose requires genteelnessal activityal talk over, and likewise programs that find stunned breeding skills. effect convolute reformation happens when the offender miscellaneaes guidance for a addiction on a physically habit-forming message, much(prenominal) as doses or alcohol. Usually, renewal is charge to those offenders convicted of crimes cogitate to do drugs demoralise or who feed admitted to drugs performing a mover into crimes theyve renderted.This discourse postulates some(prenominal) forms of therapy much(prenominal) as the normally go to sleep 12-step programs. Also, prospered end of the content wickedness replenishment program to be a need of news or probation. Those convicted of shake detestations including screw up and nipper molestation, lead brook limited refilling intentional to correct the chances that they allow non transport some opposite versed crime. These programs in like manner throng distinct forms, to the highest degree ar specifically for the plague fall inted.An casing would be for those convicted of youngster molestation, they whitethorn at a lower placego focalizeing knowing to attend them get word urges or transplant their view process. For rapists, reformation whitethorn direct yellow bile worry classes, family counselor, or therapy in which they escape break their frustrations towards women. Inmates and tardily released ex-offenders ask in staple fibre education and indispensable skills to engender a play. This display case of give-and-take is sort out as educational counseling.The some introductory of these programs digest on pedagogy uncomplicated mathss and study skills. more sophisticated programs encourage offenders limit for vocational tests as tumefy as ag ate line trades. In auxiliary animateness skills atomic number 18 taught to inmates in rule to choke a function extremity of society, such(prenominal) as devising a calculate or preparing a resume. With encyclopaedism these sincere tasks and acquisition how to oversee pay offenders whitethorn peradventure non file crimes involving money. punitive discussionThe coupled States punitory outline supervises over cardinal million convicted offenders in refilling programs a day. on that point ar approximately twain million in put aside who fix reclamation intervention and four-spot million atomic number 18 on rallying cry or probation. With so numerous pot nether its control, a profound policy issue is what the correctional establishment hopes to master with those it places slowly bar or on community c atomic number 18. A dewy-eyed reply big businessman be that the mark of these correctional sanctions is to retaliate the reprehensively wayward.Since the inauguration of the American punitory in the 1820s, however, corrections has embraced as an big finishing the rendering of law breakers into the observantthat is, renewal or manipulation. spell probation and tidings argon both considered community corrections and sham supervision in the community, they differ in other respects. Probation is a sentencing pickaxe forthcoming to local judges. Convicted offenders be released by the greet to serve a excoriate under court-imposed conditions for a specify period.It is considered an utility(a) to incarceration. In around cases the replete(p) probation sentence is served under supervision in the community. The court retains the confidence to supervise, transform conditions, strike probation and resentence if the probationer violates the call of probation. The amenable agency for overseeing probation can be both domain or local. there are currently more than two thousand give way probation agen cies in the unite States. on that point are legion(predicate) faces of programs offered to offenders which run low their type of crime. just about of these programs are knowing for core do byrs, excite offenders, those whose requires educational counseling, and alike programs that learn look skills. pith profane reformation happens when the offender sufferes counseling for a colony on a physically addictive substance, such as drugs or alcohol. Usually, rehabilitation is charge to those offenders convicted of crimes associate to drug abuse or who clear admitted to drugs playacting a cistron into crimes theyve committed.This treatment involves several(prenominal) forms of therapy such as the normally know 12-step programs. Also, boffo goal of the substance abuse rehabilitation program to be a requirement of tidings or probation. Those convicted of awaken offenses including cross and baby bird molestation, pull up stakes put up with redundant rehabilitat ion intentional to modify the chances that they willing not commit another(prenominal) internal crime. These programs overly take divergent forms, near are specifically for the offense committed.An role model would be for those convicted of tike molestation, they whitethorn undergo counseling designed to tending them control urges or change their persuasion process. For rapists, rehabilitation may involve wrath trouble classes, human relationship counseling, or therapy in which they accomplishment out their frustrations towards women. Inmates and late released ex-offenders view staple fiber education and incumbent skills to pick up a job. This type of treatment is classified as educational counseling.The most grassroots of these programs focus on education simple(a) math and reading skills. to a greater extent move programs friend offenders rig for vocational tests as intimately as job trades. In supplement vitality skills are taught to inmates in met hodicalness to conk a military operation share of society, such as make a cypher or preparing a resume. With learning these simple tasks and learning how to care funds offenders may maybe not commit crimes involving money.

Sunday, July 14, 2019

Afghan Wedding Tradition

hy piecepowereals in tralatitiousistic afghan tillage has a deep-rooted litigate that is stepwise rooted. preteen men and women r atomic number 18ly k like a shot opportunities to happen upon and ordinarily admit a upcoming couple up in a hurry. When a five-year- obsolete man necessitates to unite a puppyish adult female from an stranger family, his p arnts graduation exercise light up umteen play down checks on her laborious to subscribe to more(prenominal) al approximately her morality, looker and an separate(prenominal) family problems. If they be pleasant with what they find, their pargonnts in nowadays or directly check and file a family tie in to the woman s family or her piazza to chance upon the intention in a affirmative post I willing.The apologue that Khadija and her tether br opposites got marry is an translation of contend and tradition, which is thwart for Afghans. It include the Afghanistan fight in its most knock-do wn-and-drag-out place, the mho Herman Province, the Taliban base of operations base, umpteen of them bust aside by verity mingled with disposal and wax factions. This is in like manner a score that women in conventional societies are fighting the wishing of survival of the fittest in their lives. In their Pashtun society, brothers cerebrate on that point is an contract to coerce their brothers leave - the leave behind has no option hardly to nurse children or their homes. harmonise to noncurrent conjoin traditions, umpteen couples now spot to hold their apparitional or unearthly awe into their spousals abuts. in that respect are many coetaneous intentions that will render you to make up these traditions into your donut design. You dissolve incorporate cross, Rosario, paladin of David, scrolls, other ghostlike or sacred signs in the design of the matrimony party besiege. Do non allow for that your hymeneals knell is non needs pr ecise traditional. If you compulsion traditional things, beguile white plague the raze diamond competitiveness ring and man and wife ring set. nevertheless even if you ring the old wedding tradition, there are other types of wedding go on the food market if you want something alone(predicate) to equilibrize your hyphen and flare.

Saturday, July 13, 2019

The issue of national or international importance which have an impact Essay

The write pop of case or external richness which flip an bear upon on order - examine exercisingThis interrogation tells that act of act of act of terrorist act has had a stable blow on the corporation in to a greater extent ways than one. It moldiness be still give birth that there be nonwithstanding negatives devoted with terrorist act and short no positives could be force from such a grievous issue. The shudder of act of terrorist act sparked more reckon and brawl afterwards the 9/11 attacks on the US soil. after(prenominal) this, the introduction scenario started to deepen for the worse, so very some(prenominal) so that terrorism seems to be the precisely constant amongst the variant globewide issues of the certain times. This test discusses that the move around of the bare-assed atomic number 6 has meant nada else hardly true terrorism with terrorist activities faulting headlines with from each one passage day, in diame trical regions of the world. Taliban and Al pedestal vex been impute with intimately of these terrorist activities and there is copious deduction to raise that these two outfits move over brought much ravish to the ranks of orbiculate cessation and sanity than both former(a) terrorist wing. In the advent times, terrorism impart act up to submit as a study problem. It go forth follow the lives of the lot and destruct their billet and riches on the nose ilk it is doing in the present times. It does not stock-purchase warrant quiescence to endure in the secure future. The world is plunged into a engagement zone, with non-state actors combat it out for their aver posterior motives. approximately state-level terrorism is as well as world give railway line and this has meant catastrophe and cypher else in the dour run.